|  |  | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |  | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  | OR | Sign. | OR | Sign. | OR | Sign. |  | |||||
Gender (ref. men) | Â | |||||||||||||
Women | 0.554 | *** | 0.546 | *** | 0.543 | *** | Â | |||||||
Stringency index | 1.280 | Â | 1.292 | Â | 1.480 | Â | Â | |||||||
Gender * stringency index | Â | Â | 0.993 | Â | 0.993 | Â | Â | |||||||
Individual-level factors | Â | |||||||||||||
 | Socio-demographic. socioeconomic. and academic factors |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||||||
 |  | Age (ref. 17–25) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||
 |  | >=26 | 1.066 |  | 1.065 |  | 1.133 |  |  | |||||
 |  | Migration status (ref. no) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||
 |  | First-generation migrant background | 0.870 |  | 0.869 |  | 0.873 |  |  | |||||
 |  |  s-generation migrant background | 0.714 | *** | 0.713 | *** | 0.719 | *** |  | |||||
 |  | Education parents (ref. High) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||
 |  | Low educational background | 0.823 |  | 0.822 |  | 0.791 | * |  | |||||
 |  | Moderate educational background | 0.981 |  | 0.981 |  | 0.948 |  |  | |||||
 |  | Study program (ref. first-year bachelor) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||
 |  | Bachelor or Master’s program (not in the first year) | 0.909 |  | 0.910 |  | 0.919 |  |  | |||||
 |  | Other programs | 0.853 |  | 0.851 |  | 0.828 |  |  | |||||
 | COVID-19 related factors |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||||||
 |  | Worries to get infected with COVID-19 |  |  |  |  | 0.950 | *** |  | |||||
 |  | Academic stress |  |  |  |  | 1.047 | *** |  | |||||
 |  | Participation in social activities (ref. both online and face to face) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||
 |  | No social activities |  |  | 1.008 |  |  |  | ||||||
 |  | Only face to face |  |  |  |  | 1.176 |  |  | |||||
 |  | Only online |  |  |  |  | 0.670 | *** |  | |||||
 |  | Financial situation (ref. no change: not struggling) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||
 |  | No change: struggling with financial resources |  | 1.092 |  |  | ||||||||
 |  | Change: worse during covid |  | 1.483 | *** |  | ||||||||
 |  | Change: better during covid |  |  |  |  | 1.301 | ** |  | |||||
 | Country-level control variables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||||||
 |  | Timing survey (ref. After COVID-19 peak) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||
 |  | Before the COVID-19 peak | 0.926 |  | 0.927 |  | 0.913 |  |  | |||||
 |  | During the COVID-19 peak | 1.380 |  | 1.374 |  | 1.394 |  |  | |||||
 |  | Real GDP growth rate | 0.989 |  | 0.989 |  | 0.991 |  |  | |||||
 |  | Excess mortality rate | 0.976 | *** | 0.980 | * | 0.979 | ** |  | |||||
 | Variance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||||||
 |  | Country-level | 0.058 | 0.031 | 0.058 | 0.031 | 0.054 | 0.029 |  | |||||
 |  | Random slope gender | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |  | |||||
 |  | HEI level | 0.061 | 0.027 | 0.062 | 0.027 | 0.052 | 0.025 |  |