Table 1 Characteristics of 11 studies included in the scoping review from inception until June 06, 2022
Num | Author(s)/Study Name, Year | Country/ Region | Publication type | Disciplinary fields of publications | Objectives of publication | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Winslow, (1920) [7] | North America | Original research articles | Health and public health | Formulating scopes and tendencies of modern public health. | “Public health is the science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organised community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organisation of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventative treatment of disease, and the development of social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.” |
2 | Acheson, (1988) [8] | Europe | Book | Health and public health | Reviewing the future development of the public health function | “the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts of society.” |
3 | Institute of Medicine, (1988) [4] | North America | Book | Health and public health | Analysing the public health situation in the United States (US) and presenting a plan of action that provides a solid foundation for a strong public health capability throughout the nation. | “Public health is what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy.” |
4 | WHO, (1998) [24] | Europe | Report | Health and public health | Providing expert assessments of the global health situation and projecting health trends to the year 2025. | “The art of applying science in the context of politics so as to reduce inequalities in health while ensuring the best health for the greatest number.” |
5 | WHO Regional Office for Europe, (1999) [25] | Europe | Book | Health and public health | Providing new health for all policy framework for the WHO European Region | “The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting mental and physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts. Public health may be considered as the structures and processes by which the health of populations is understood, safeguarded and promoted through the organized efforts of society.” |
6 | Forsetlund and Bjorndal, (2001) [26] | Europe | Original research articles | Public health | Investigating “whether there is a potential for greater use of research-based information in public health practice in a local setting.” | “Broadly speaking, the practice of public health may be defined as the organisation and analysis of medical knowledge in such a way that it may be utilised by society in the making of decisions in health related questions.” |
7 | Gostin, (2001) [27] | North America | Original research articles | Public health, medicine, law, ethics, and human rights | Providing a greater understanding of the related fields of public health, ethics, and human rights. | “Society’s obligation to assure the conditions for people’s health.” |
8 | Childress and colleagues, (2002) [28] | North America | Original research articles | Public health, medicine, law, and ethics | Providing a rough conceptual map of the terrain of public health ethics. | “Public health is primarily concerned with the health of the entire population, rather than the health of individuals. Its features include an emphasis on the promotion of health and the prevention of disease and disability; the collection and use of epidemiological data, population surveillance, and other forms of empirical quantitative assessment; a recognition of the multidimensional nature of the determinants of health; and a focus on the complex interactions of many factors - biological, behavioral, social, and environmental - in developing effective interventions.” |
9 | Pan American Health Organization, (2002) [9] | Americas | Book | Health and public health | Reflecting on the context (Americas) in which public health is perceived and practiced and setting out the extent to which those functions that are essential to promoting and preserving the public’s health are being discharged. | “Public health is an organized effort by society, primarily through its public institutions, to improve, promote, protect and restore the health of the population through collective action.” |
10 | Rothstein, (2002) [14] | North America | Original research articles | Law, medicine, and bioethics | Providing a clear and narrow definition of public health. | “The term “public health” is a legal term of art, and it refers to specifically delineated powers, duties, rights, and responsibilities. Even beyond its legal usage, public health applies to specific institutions and individuals, such as public health departments and public health officials.” |
11 | Heller and colleagues, (2003) [23] | Europe | Original research articles | Health and public health | Providing a new and wide definition of public health that recognizes the centrality of the public and meets the expectations of those who work in the discipline and the public to whom they are accountable. | “Use of theory, experience and evidence derived through the population sciences to improve the health of the population, in a way that best meets the implicit and explicit needs of the community (the public).” |