Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics and rates of low birth weight among under five children, Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys, 2006 and 2011(N = 2845)

From: Role of antenatal care and iron supplementation during pregnancy in preventing low birth weight in Nepal: comparison of national surveys 2006 and 2011

Factors

Total [%]

LBW n [%]#

Unadjusted odds ratio

Survey years

 

P = 0.33

P = 0.33

2006

923 (32.4)

108 (13.2)

1.00

2011

1922 (67.6)

235 (11.5)

0.855 (0.623-1.173)

Gestational factors

Sex of infant

 

P = 0.387

P = 0.387

Male

1484 (52.2)

171 (11.4)

1.00

Female

1361 (47.8)

172 (12.8)

1.143 ( 0.844-1.548)

Mother’s age

 

P = 0.157

P = 0.144

15-19 years

259 (9.1)

47 (16.7)

1.552 (1.026-2.348)

20-32 years

2346 (82.5)

269 (11.5)

1.00

32 and higher

240 (8.4)

27 (12.6)

1.119 (0.641-1.955)

Parity

 

P = 0.166

P = 0.160

First

1448 (50.9)

190 (13.3)

1.00

Second or third

1152 (40.5)

124 (10.6)

0.771 (0.588-1.009)

Fourth or more

245 (8.6)

29 (11.1)

0.813 (0.486-1.362)

Proximate factors

Body mass index

 

P = 0.017

P = 0.025

< 18.5 (Underweight)

291(16.0)

42 (13.6)

0.931 (0.595-1.457)

18.5-23.0 (Normal)

980 (53.7)

132 (14.5)

1.00

> 23.0 (Overweight)

553 (30.3)

46 (8.3)

0.533 (0.339-0.837)

Birth interval

 

P = 0.222

P = 0.229

No previous birth

1526 (53.6)

195 (13.0)

1.00

< 24 months

516 (18.1)

64 (12.0)

0.921 (0.641-1.298)

> = 24 months

803 (28.2)

84 (10.2)

0.757 (0.550-1.040)

Antenatal care

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

No ANC visit

514 (18.1)

85 (18.3)

2.079 (1.511-2.859)

1-3 ANC visit

541 (19.0)

74 (13.5)

1.443 (1.015-2.053)

4 or more ANC visit

1790 (62.9)

184 (9.7)

1.00

Iron consumption during pregnancy

 

P < 0.001

P = 0.001

No/Do not know

635 (22.3)

100 (16.8)

1.678 (1.255-2.244)

Yes

2210 (77.7)

243 (10.7)

1.00

Smoking

 

P = 0.746

P = 0.736

No

2776 (97.6)

335 (12.0)

1.00

Yes

69 (2.4)

8 (13.7)

1.165 (0.477-2.850)

Use of fuel

 

P = 0.029

P = 0.030

Relatively non polluting

866 (30.4)

79 (9.3)

1.00

Relatively highly polluting

1979 (69.6)

264 (13.2)

1.494 (1.040-2.146)

Underlying factors

Wealth index

 

P = 0.576

P = 0.568

Poorest

281 (9.9)

41 (15.9)

1.00

Poor

359 (12.6)

43 (12.3)

0.759 (0.447-1.289)

Middle

453 (15.9)

67 (12.4)

0.747 (0.455-1.226)

Richer

686 (24.1)

78 (11.2)

0.663 (0.400-1.099)

Richest

1066 (37.5)

114 (11.5)

0.684 (0.430-1.090)

Maternal education

 

P = 0.018

P = 0.021

No education

664 (23.3)

83 (10.6)

1.151 (0.627-2.112)

Primary

512 (18.0)

85 (17.2)

2.011 (1.094-3.695)

Secondary

1291 (45.4)

141 (11.5)

1.251 (0.736-2.126)

Higher

378 (13.3)

34 (9.4)

1.00

Women’s decision making for health

 

P = 0.022

P = 0.030

Women

649 (22.8)

55 (8.8)

1.00

Women and husband together

992 (34.9)

110 (11.8)

1.386 (0.927-2.071)

Husband or others

1204 (42.3)

178 (14.1)

1.701 (1.146-2.526)

Ethnicity

 

P = 0.541

P = 0.550

Relatively advantaged

1620 (57.0)

190 (12.0)

1.00

Relatively disadvantaged(Janjati)

813 (28.6)

93 (11.4)

0.949 (0.690-1.304)

Relatively disadvantaged (Dalit)

411 (14.5)

60 (14.0)

1.202 (0.830-1.743)

Place of residence

 

P = 0.943

P = 0.943

Urban

1175 (41.3)

136 (12.0)

1.00

Rural

1670 (58.7)

207 (12.1)

1.011 (0.751-1.360)

Ecological region

 

P = 0.995

P = 0.997

Mountain

261 (9.2)

28 (12.2)

1.00

Hill

1112 (39.1)

138 (12.0)

0.982 (0.595-1.619)

Terai

1472 (51.7)

177 (12.1)

0.983 (0.603-1.605)

Development region

 

P = 0.022

P = 0.028

Eastern

647 (22.7)

90 (15.3)

1.700 (1.142-2.530)

Central

753 (26.5)

80 (9.6)

1.00

Western

554 (19.5)

60 (10.8)

1.137 (0.722-1.791)

Mid-western

470 (16.5)

51 (11.4)

1.208 ( 0.733-1.993)

Far-western

421 (14.8)

62 (16.7)

1.892 (1.179-3.035)

  1. # the percent indicates for the row total of independent variables, the percentage shows the weighted percent therefore it may not be equal to raw percent, the p value indicates the probability value of chi square test.