Factors | Total [%] | LBW n [%]# | Unadjusted odds ratio |
---|---|---|---|
Survey years |  | P = 0.33 | P = 0.33 |
2006 | 923 (32.4) | 108 (13.2) | 1.00 |
2011 | 1922 (67.6) | 235 (11.5) | 0.855 (0.623-1.173) |
Gestational factors | |||
Sex of infant |  | P = 0.387 | P = 0.387 |
Male | 1484 (52.2) | 171 (11.4) | 1.00 |
Female | 1361 (47.8) | 172 (12.8) | 1.143 ( 0.844-1.548) |
Mother’s age |  | P = 0.157 | P = 0.144 |
15-19Â years | 259 (9.1) | 47 (16.7) | 1.552 (1.026-2.348) |
20-32Â years | 2346 (82.5) | 269 (11.5) | 1.00 |
32 and higher | 240 (8.4) | 27 (12.6) | 1.119 (0.641-1.955) |
Parity |  | P = 0.166 | P = 0.160 |
First | 1448 (50.9) | 190 (13.3) | 1.00 |
Second or third | 1152 (40.5) | 124 (10.6) | 0.771 (0.588-1.009) |
Fourth or more | 245 (8.6) | 29 (11.1) | 0.813 (0.486-1.362) |
Proximate factors | |||
Body mass index |  | P = 0.017 | P = 0.025 |
< 18.5 (Underweight) | 291(16.0) | 42 (13.6) | 0.931 (0.595-1.457) |
18.5-23.0 (Normal) | 980 (53.7) | 132 (14.5) | 1.00 |
> 23.0 (Overweight) | 553 (30.3) | 46 (8.3) | 0.533 (0.339-0.837) |
Birth interval |  | P = 0.222 | P = 0.229 |
No previous birth | 1526 (53.6) | 195 (13.0) | 1.00 |
< 24Â months | 516 (18.1) | 64 (12.0) | 0.921 (0.641-1.298) |
> = 24 months | 803 (28.2) | 84 (10.2) | 0.757 (0.550-1.040) |
Antenatal care |  | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
No ANC visit | 514 (18.1) | 85 (18.3) | 2.079 (1.511-2.859) |
1-3 ANC visit | 541 (19.0) | 74 (13.5) | 1.443 (1.015-2.053) |
4 or more ANC visit | 1790 (62.9) | 184 (9.7) | 1.00 |
Iron consumption during pregnancy |  | P < 0.001 | P = 0.001 |
No/Do not know | 635 (22.3) | 100 (16.8) | 1.678 (1.255-2.244) |
Yes | 2210 (77.7) | 243 (10.7) | 1.00 |
Smoking |  | P = 0.746 | P = 0.736 |
No | 2776 (97.6) | 335 (12.0) | 1.00 |
Yes | 69 (2.4) | 8 (13.7) | 1.165 (0.477-2.850) |
Use of fuel |  | P = 0.029 | P = 0.030 |
Relatively non polluting | 866 (30.4) | 79 (9.3) | 1.00 |
Relatively highly polluting | 1979 (69.6) | 264 (13.2) | 1.494 (1.040-2.146) |
Underlying factors | |||
Wealth index |  | P = 0.576 | P = 0.568 |
Poorest | 281 (9.9) | 41 (15.9) | 1.00 |
Poor | 359 (12.6) | 43 (12.3) | 0.759 (0.447-1.289) |
Middle | 453 (15.9) | 67 (12.4) | 0.747 (0.455-1.226) |
Richer | 686 (24.1) | 78 (11.2) | 0.663 (0.400-1.099) |
Richest | 1066 (37.5) | 114 (11.5) | 0.684 (0.430-1.090) |
Maternal education |  | P = 0.018 | P = 0.021 |
No education | 664 (23.3) | 83 (10.6) | 1.151 (0.627-2.112) |
Primary | 512 (18.0) | 85 (17.2) | 2.011 (1.094-3.695) |
Secondary | 1291 (45.4) | 141 (11.5) | 1.251 (0.736-2.126) |
Higher | 378 (13.3) | 34 (9.4) | 1.00 |
Women’s decision making for health |  | P = 0.022 | P = 0.030 |
Women | 649 (22.8) | 55 (8.8) | 1.00 |
Women and husband together | 992 (34.9) | 110 (11.8) | 1.386 (0.927-2.071) |
Husband or others | 1204 (42.3) | 178 (14.1) | 1.701 (1.146-2.526) |
Ethnicity |  | P = 0.541 | P = 0.550 |
Relatively advantaged | 1620 (57.0) | 190 (12.0) | 1.00 |
Relatively disadvantaged(Janjati) | 813 (28.6) | 93 (11.4) | 0.949 (0.690-1.304) |
Relatively disadvantaged (Dalit) | 411 (14.5) | 60 (14.0) | 1.202 (0.830-1.743) |
Place of residence |  | P = 0.943 | P = 0.943 |
Urban | 1175 (41.3) | 136 (12.0) | 1.00 |
Rural | 1670 (58.7) | 207 (12.1) | 1.011 (0.751-1.360) |
Ecological region |  | P = 0.995 | P = 0.997 |
Mountain | 261 (9.2) | 28 (12.2) | 1.00 |
Hill | 1112 (39.1) | 138 (12.0) | 0.982 (0.595-1.619) |
Terai | 1472 (51.7) | 177 (12.1) | 0.983 (0.603-1.605) |
Development region |  | P = 0.022 | P = 0.028 |
Eastern | 647 (22.7) | 90 (15.3) | 1.700 (1.142-2.530) |
Central | 753 (26.5) | 80 (9.6) | 1.00 |
Western | 554 (19.5) | 60 (10.8) | 1.137 (0.722-1.791) |
Mid-western | 470 (16.5) | 51 (11.4) | 1.208 ( 0.733-1.993) |
Far-western | 421 (14.8) | 62 (16.7) | 1.892 (1.179-3.035) |